OECD Practices
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1873
2024-03-29T14:45:31ZValue chains in public marine data: A UK case study. A joint OECD Working Paper in collaboration with the UK Marine Environmental Data and Information Network (MEDIN) and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/2066
Value chains in public marine data: A UK case study. A joint OECD Working Paper in collaboration with the UK Marine Environmental Data and Information Network (MEDIN) and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.
Jolly, Claire; Jolliffe, James; Postlethwaite, Clare; Heslop, Emma
Marine data play a crucial role for many scientific disciplines, as well as for very diverse operational
services such as fisheries management, environmental planning, marine conservation, weather
forecasting, or port management. The information derived from marine data is also increasingly finding its
way into a wide and varied range of public policy arenas and private industries. Collecting, distributing and
archiving public marine data provide benefits to society at large, however as with all public investments,
assessments are needed to provide evidence to decision makers. Based on an original survey of UK
marine data users, this paper explores pathways through which marine data are used and transformed
into actionable information, creating systematised value chains for the first time. The analysis unveils
trends in current marine data uses in the UK and key benefits of data uses. The paper lays the foundations
for further OECD work with the marine data community.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZBuilding digital workforce capacity and skills for data-intensive science.
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1878
Building digital workforce capacity and skills for data-intensive science.
This report looks at the human resource requirements for data intensive science. The main
focus is on research conducted in the public sector and the related challenges and training
needs. Digitalisation is, to some extent, being driven by science and at the same time it is
affecting all aspects of scientific practice. Open Science, including access to data, is being
widely promoted and there is increasing investment in cyber-infrastructures and digital
platforms but the skills that are required by researchers and research support professionals
to fully exploit these tools are not being given adequate attention. The COVID-19
pandemic, which struck as this report was being finalised, has served to emphasise the
critical importance of data intensive science and the need to take a strategic approach to
strengthen the digital capacity and skills of the scientific enterprise as whole. This report
includes policy recommendations for various actors and good practice examples to support
these recommendations.
2020-01-01T00:00:00ZDigital platforms for facilitating access to research infrastructures.
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1877
Digital platforms for facilitating access to research infrastructures.
Shared research infrastructures are playing an increasingly important role in most
scientific fields and represent a significant proportion of the total public investment in
science. Many of these infrastructures have the potential to be used outside of their
traditional scientific domain and outside of the academic community but this potential if
often not fully realised. A major challenge for potential users (and for policy-makers) is
simply identifying what infrastructures are available under what conditions. This report
includes an analysis of eight case studies of digital platforms that collate information and
provide services to promote broader access to, and more effective use of, research
infrastructures. Although there is considerable variety amongst the cases, a number of key
issues are identified that can help guide policy-makers, funders, institutions and
managers, who are interested in developing or contributing to such platforms
2017-01-01T00:00:00ZA new era of digitalisation for ocean sustainability?: Prospects, benefits, challenges.
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1876
A new era of digitalisation for ocean sustainability?: Prospects, benefits, challenges.
Stevens, B.; Jolly, C.; Jolliffe, J.
Growing worldwide acknowledgement of the importance of our ocean and seas for the future of humanity
draws ever more attention to the need for sustainable use of the planet’s marine resources. Without a
healthy ocean and productive seas, the task of providing oxygen from primary production, and generating
food, energy and jobs for the world’s population, while effectively addressing climate change and
biodiversity, will prove all the more challenging. Hence the importance of achieving a sustainable balance
between the use of ocean resources and their protection and restoration. Reaching and conserving that
balance will require a major global effort, as reflected in the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) and in particular SDG 14, namely conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
marine resources for sustainable development.
Good governance, effective management, smart policies and the engagement of many sectors of society,
all have their part to play. But so do science and technology. Indeed, they form a keystone in any global
ocean sustainability strategy, as conveyed in the context of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for
Sustainable Development.
Digital technologies hold great promise for ocean sustainability. Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud computing,
the Internet of Things (IoT), processes automation, robotics, high-performance sensors, have been rapidly
diffusing throughout the economy and been integrated into a multitude of applications old and new.
However, in many areas of the ocean economy their uptake has been markedly slower. That now appears
to be changing. There are strong signs that the pace of digital innovation is set to accelerate in the ocean
economy. Taking a longer-term view, the widespread diffusion of such technologies holds out the potential
to reshape the performance, efficiency and location of many ocean activities, create new ones and
contribute significantly to ocean sustainability.
This paper explores the potential contribution of digital technologies to ocean sustainability - especially
those that apply to the field of ocean observation. As a result, the paper:
explores likely advances in science, technology and innovation over the next 8 to 10 years
which should lead to substantial improvements in the collection of data on, and analysis
of, the impact of climate change and human activity on marine ecosystems, while also help
the monitoring and reduction of the ecological footprint of economic activity in the ocean;
identifies and discusses the steps required to sustain the current innovation momentum in the
digital ocean economy, since it cannot be assumed that the considerable potential of such
innovations can be fulfilled without considerable additional efforts on multiple fronts;
sets out preliminary reflections on how the Covid-19 pandemic might affect the pace of digital
innovation in the ocean economy, and what strategies might be pursued to advance ocean
research and innovation during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.
Several innovations in ocean-related data collection and analysis are in the pipeline or already
coming on stream and have the potential to make a significant impact in the course of the next
decade. There are four areas of rapid technological advancement: ocean sensing and imaging instruments
benefitting from artificial intelligence and machine to machine commuication; the expanding spatial coverage of float arrays and fixed observation platforms; the increasing autonomy in mobile platforms; and
new complex systems integration schemes. Science and technology in all of these areas are able to
demonstrate impressive advances in digital innovation in ocean observation. Combining all of these
advances into a functioning and effective digital system of ocean data collection, analysis and action holds
great promise for the medium- and longer-term future of a sustainable ocean economy. However, many of
those innovations will not come to fruition or find widespread use entirely of their own accord. They will
require strong supportive, organisational and collaborative action in a wide range of areas.
A range of measures are required to sustain over time the current pace of digital innovation in the
ocean economy.
They comprise measures to reduce the cost of innovating and scaling up production, including the creation
of new markets and the testing of new business models for ocean observation systems, introducing new
forms of collaboration in ocean technology development, improving ocean literacy for accessing risk
capital, and achieving greater standardisation of technology processes and products to push down costs.
In addition, actions can be taken to broaden and deepen industry-science collaboration with a view to
extending coverage of ocean observation. Opportunities increasingly present themselves for co-operation
with various offshore industries, telecommunications cable companies, the fisheries sector and the tourism
and leisure industries.
Finally, efforts are required to change the ocean data paradigm to reap the benefits of long term
investments. This can be achieved through improved access to and sharing of ocean data, greater
standardisation of data and interoperability, improved use of best practices as the foundation for standards,
accompanied throughout by enhancements in data integrity and security.
However, the pursuit of these measures is likely to be significantly challenged by the effects of the
Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic strikes at a particularly delicate moment in time. Significant advances
in digital technology for ocean-observation are on the verge of widespread implementation, and the UN
Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development is beginning, which holds out the prospect of a
massive boost to ocean science in the next ten years. The threat posed by Covid-19 to future investment
in science for the ocean in general, and in ocean observation in particular, is that government and privatesector
responses to the pandemic could lead to a diversion of human and financial resources and –
perhaps even worse over the longer term – to budget cuts in ocean research.
Should such a scenario of tighter budgets and key resource diversion become a reality, policy-makers and
the ocean science community needs to stand ready to implement alleviating measures. It is important that
the potential sustainability gains to be derived from recent scientific, technological and organisational
advances are not seriously compromised and that creative solutions are found to maintain and improve
the efficiency and effectiveness of ocean research activities. Such measures could include efforts to:
- leverage existing infrastructures and ocean observation networks, and expand user engagement;
- reduce cost and scaling up production volumes of sensors and other instruments, and focus on
low-cost solutions where possible;
- strengthen industry-science collaboration to expand ocean observation coverage, especially to
address the current highly uneven geographical distribution of knowledge, know-how and
technologies.
- improve access to and sharing of data via standardisation, interoperability and best practices,
especially where they promise considerable cost-savings and efficiency gains
- And strengthen horizon scanning for innovations and existing technologies that might be adapted
to ocean research purposes.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZOptimising the operation and use of national research infrastructures.
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1875
Optimising the operation and use of national research infrastructures.
Research Infrastructures (RIs) play a key role in enabling and developing research in all scientific domains and represent an increasingly large share of research investment. Most RIs are funded, managed and operated at a national or federal level, and provide services mostly to national research communities.
This policy report presents a generic framework for improving the use and operation of national RIs. It includes two guiding models, one for portfolio management and one for user-base optimisation. These guiding models lay out the key principles of an effective national RI portfolio management system and identify the factors that should be considered by RI managers with regards to optimising the user-base of national RIs. Both guiding models take into consideration the diversity of national systems and RI operation approaches.
This report also contains a series of more generic policy recommendations and suggested actions for RI portfolio managers and RI managers.
2020-01-01T00:00:00ZOpportunities, Challenges and Good Practices in International Research Cooperation between Developed and Developing Countries.
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1874
Opportunities, Challenges and Good Practices in International Research Cooperation between Developed and Developing Countries.
This report of the OECD Global Science Forum describes issues and options that deserve the attention of
scientists and administrators in industrialised countries and in developing countries, as they seek to design,
initiate and manage collaborative research programmes and projects that include both scientifi c and development
goals. The report identifi es good practices and new ideas, and presents options for concrete actions, compiled
during the course of the Global Science Forum project, which included a data-gathering and analysis phase, and
culminated in a workshop held in Pretoria, South Africa, in September 2010.
Links between science policy and the mechanisms of development aid already exist in some countries. Offi cial
Development Assistance (ODA) has traditionally been used mainly to provide technical assistance, but there
are now new motivations and opportunities to support scientifi c collaboration for developmental goals, and to
strengthen research capacity, especially in the developing countries. In recent years, a number of countries and
private organisations have assigned a higher priority to global issues, have put more emphasis on collaborative
research, and have moved beyond traditional technology transfer. In the industrialised countries, scientists
and policy makers increasingly turn to countries in the developing world as desirable and even crucial partners
who can provide a wide range of expertise, resources, and other benefi ts, from natural research sites to future
commercial markets for high-technology products. Meanwhile, a growing number of developing countries are
building and enhancing research capacity to create and utilize new knowledge that is essential for their economic
growth, and for dealing with the local effects of global-scale problems in domains such as health, food production,
or environmental protection. This OECD report is meant to facilitate international cooperation, to build confi dence
and trust between scientists and administrators, and to enhance ownership of research results by all participants.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZReference framework for assessing the scientific and socio-economic impact of research infrastructures.
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1790
Reference framework for assessing the scientific and socio-economic impact of research infrastructures.
Research Infrastructures (RIs) are indispensable for enabling and developing research in almost all scientific domains and represent an increasingly large share of research investment. As policy makers, funding agencies and RI management are increasingly expected to justify key decisions about implementing new projects or investing in existing ones, there is a demand for credible methodologies for assessing the overall impact of RIs.
This report proposes a “Framework for assessing the scientific and socio-economic impact of research infrastructures”. It aims to provide funders, decision-makers and RI managers with a generic and versatile tool, based on current community practices, to evaluate the achievement of scientific and socio-economic objectives in a realistic way. The framework can be adapted for different types of RIs and different stages in the RI lifecycle. This tool should facilitate the communication and reporting between different RI stakeholders
2019-01-01T00:00:00ZBlueprint for improved measurement of the international ocean economy: an exploration of satellite accounting for ocean economic activity
https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1561
Blueprint for improved measurement of the international ocean economy: an exploration of satellite accounting for ocean economic activity
Jolliffe, James; Jolly, Claire; Stevens, Barrie
Sustainably managing the ocean requires reliable measures of the ocean’s contributions to society and the effects that human activities have on the marine environment. This paper informs current international discussions on the measurement of ocean economic activities. It summarises the extent to which the ocean is crucial to society, outlines national approaches to measuring ocean economies, establishes an OECD definition of ocean economic activities for statistical purposes, and introduces a plan to improve international ocean economy statistics through the pragmatic development of satellite accounts. By measuring the full range of ocean economic activities, this framework will improve evidence on ocean sustainability and lay the foundations for ocean accounts that include economic-environmental linkages.
2021-01-01T00:00:00Z