⇒ IOCCG: International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Grouphttps://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/5102024-03-28T10:53:29Z2024-03-28T10:53:29ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation Volume 7.0. Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/20592023-09-23T11:12:35Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation Volume 7.0. Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis.
Vandermeulen, Ryan A.; Chaves, Joaquín E.
The measurement of aquatic primary productivity (PP) is central to the quantitative understanding of the global biosphere, yielding critical insights into the role and magnitude of carbon, oxygen, and other bioactive element fluxes between the ocean, the geosphere, and the atmosphere. The accumulation of theoretical, methodological, and technological advances has led to the development of numerous approaches to measure oceanic PP, all with the common objective of quantifying the fluxes of reduced carbon into aquatic ecosystems. Methods to derive estimates of PP include, the analysis of incubations to measure dissolved oxygen gas accumulation and consumption, radioactive 14C, stable 13C, and 18O uptake, isotopic composition of atmospheric and dissolved oxygen, underway measurements of O2/Ar, kinetic measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence, and temporally and spatially integrated time series from gliders or buoys. Integrating these measurements with satellite observations of ocean biomass and its physical environment enable the scaling up of PP data into a comprehensive, global picture. The main goal for these PP protocols is to establish a set of best practices across multiple methods for measuring aquatic primary productivity, in an effort to constrain systematic and random measurement biases. Through a better understanding of the different capabilities, assumptions, and limitations inherent to each measurement, users may leverage the assets and liabilities of each method in the context of satellite validation and model synthesis.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Oceanic Optics Bookhttps://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/18532022-01-25T13:32:08Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Oceanic Optics Book
Mobley, Curtis, D.
This book is a community resource on ocean optics. The development of the general theory requires many different concepts: radiometric variables, inherent optical properties (IOPs), apparent optical properties (AOPs), and the mathematical relations connecting them. The radiometric variables are various measures of the light itself (how much light energy is present, what direction it is traveling, what wavelengths are present). The IOPs describe the optical properties of the medium through which the light propagates. In particular, IOPs describe how light is absorbed (light energy is converted to other forms, such as heat or the energy in a chemical bond) and scattered (how it changes direction and, perhaps, wavelength) when it interacts with the medium. The equations of radiative transfer theory connect the various pieces and enable the prediction of light propagation through a medium given the properties of the medium and the light incident onto the medium.
The various chapters of the book discuss applications of the basic concepts to problems such as remote sensing of the oceans from satellites or the prediction of underwater visibility. The 16 chapters develop the standard material of optical oceanography and remote sensing of the oceans at visible wavelengths: radiometry, inherent and apparent optical properties, absorption, elastic and inelastic scattering, the optical properties of sea water constituents and of surfaces, radiative transfer and electromagnetic theory, remote sensing and the associated atmospheric correction, and visibility. The 7 appendices contain more advanced and more mathematical topics .
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 6.0: Particulate Organic Matter Sampling and Measurement Protocols: Consensus Towards Future Ocean Color Missions.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/17162022-08-30T10:39:53Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 6.0: Particulate Organic Matter Sampling and Measurement Protocols: Consensus Towards Future Ocean Color Missions.
This document is the product of a multi-year effort that started with a two-and-a-half-day workshop organized by the NASA Ocean Ecology Lab Field Support Group and hosted at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from November 30–December 2, 2016. The original objective was to produce community consensus protocols for sample collection, filtration, storage, analysis, and quality assurance for particulate organic carbon in all natural waters, emphasizing marine ecosystems, appropriate for satellite algorithm development and validation. Given the close link between global cycles of carbon and nitrogen and that current analytical protocols usually are geared towards their simultaneous measurement, recommendations for analysis of nitrogen in particles are also included. The hope is that the protocols presented here can be widely adopted by the academic scientific community engaged in aquatic C and N cycle research, particularly in activities that support ocean color validation. The resulting protocol review document: Particulate Organic Matter Sampling and Measurement Protocols: Consensus Towards Future Ocean Color Missions, and the associated workshop activity were sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), including funding for the Field Support Group (NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program) and a ROSES NNH15ZDA001N-TWSC award to Antonio Mannino, Ivona Cetinić, Joaquín Chaves, Michael Novak, and Jeremy Werdell under the NASA Program Topical Workshops, Symposia, and Conferences Program with additional support for contributing authors and workshop participants by their respective institutions. This document provides a detailed discussion of state-of-the-art technologies and protocols for sampling and measuring aquatic particulate organic carbon and particulate nitrogen. Appendix A provides a summary of best practices and recommendations for those developing a research program that includes measurements of POM. Significant contributions by all authors and reviewers made the completion of this document possible. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, processes, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement or recommendation by the authors or their employers.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZObservation of Harmful Algal Blooms with Ocean Colour Radiometry.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/15462021-05-10T18:03:24Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZObservation of Harmful Algal Blooms with Ocean Colour Radiometry.
Bernard, Stewart; Kudela, Raphael M.; Robertson Lain, Lisl; Pitcher, Grant
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and eutrophication events have had a significant global impact over the past few years. The frequency of these events, and the geographic extent of toxic/harmful algal blooms have been increasing globally. For this reason a joint working group was formed between the IOCCG and the GEOHAB Programme (now GlobalHAB) of SCOR and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, tasked with producing a comprehensive guide to satellite ocean colour remote sensing of HABs. The report summarises the state of knowledge and demonstrates the suitability of various ocean colour approaches through case studies from different ecosystems, as well as operational HAB applications. The primary focus areas are the technical difficulties of using ocean colour remote sensing in optically-complex coastal waters, and the need to understand the limitations of ocean colour for deriving phytoplankton community composition. A major conclusion was that ocean colour remote sensing is effective in detecting high biomass blooms, but does not work well for low biomass blooms, which can be addressed using indirect approaches.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZSynergy between Ocean Colour and Biogeochemical/ Ecosystem Models.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/11942022-10-13T14:32:38Z2020-01-01T00:00:00ZSynergy between Ocean Colour and Biogeochemical/ Ecosystem Models.
Dutkiewicz, Stephanie
The goal of this report is to improve the communication between numerical modellers and the ocean colour community. It provides non-expert accessible information about both ocean colour and biogeochemical and ecosystem modelling. The report discusses methods of model skill assessment using ocean colour products, introduces and highlights case studies of data assimilation involving ocean colour products, and provides examples where models and ocean colour are used synergistically to better understand processes and trends in the ocean’s ecosystem and biogeochemistry. Additionally, the report explores how models can help inform on ocean colour, with the goal of fostering further use of models in ocean colour studies, in helping elucidate uncertainties, and in algorithm development.
2020-01-01T00:00:00ZUncertainties in Ocean Colour Remote Sensinghttps://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/11782021-12-20T16:11:46Z2019-01-01T00:00:00ZUncertainties in Ocean Colour Remote Sensing
Mélin, Frédéric
This report on "Uncertainties in Ocean Colour Remote Sensing" summarizes the state of the knowledge on uncertainties related to ocean colour (OC) products and identifies ideas and recommendations to achieve significant progress on how uncertainties are quantified and distributed. The report starts with a presentation of terminology and concepts (Chapter 2). For a proper use of OC
data, it is necessary to be aware of the potential problems and limitations associated with OC remote sensing products, and to identify the sources contributing to their uncertainties, from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) data to gridded products. This report makes a review of these factors (Chapter 3). Even though up to now very few OC products have been distributed with uncertainty estimates, a number of approaches to quantify OC product uncertainties have been proposed in recent years; providing a review of these methods and discussing their respective advantages appear particularly timely (Chapter 4). It is also necessary to discuss how information on uncertainty could be conveyed to user communities (Chapter 5) and to describe example requirements from these communities (Chapter 6). General recommendations are provided in the final chapter (Chapter 7).
2019-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 3.0: Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Data Validation: In Situ Optical Radiometry.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/11712021-08-27T18:35:11Z2019-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 3.0: Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Data Validation: In Situ Optical Radiometry.
This protocol document aims to support the ocean color community with protocols for the collection, processing and quality assurance of in situ measurements of the apparent optical properties of natural water for the validation of satellite radiometric products. In addition to a general introduction on Elements of Marine Optical Radiometry Data and Analysis (Chapter 1), the document addresses Radiometers Specifications (Chapter 2), Calibration and Characterization of Optical Radiometers (Chapter 3), In-water Radiometry Measurements and Data Analysis (Chapter 4), and Above-water Radiometry Measurements and Data Analysis (Chapter 5).
The overall structure and content of the various chapters are based on, and benefit from, the Ocean Optics Protocols promoted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration within the framework of the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Sensor Intercomparison for Marine Biological and Interdisciplinary Ocean Studies (SIMBIOS) programs (Mueller and Austin 1995, Mueller et al. 2003a, Mueller et al. 2003b).
It is emphasized that, by recognizing optical radiometry can be heavily affected by the presence of clouds which will unavoidably challenge the quantification of measurement uncertainties, the protocols put emphasis only on measurements performed during clear sky conditions, which are those relevant for the validation of satellite ocean color data products.
Finally, it is anticipated that the chapters on in-water and above-water radiometry provide comprehensive details on those measurement methods sharing large consensus inside the community and whose application is strongly encouraged. Conversely, brief summaries are only provided for those methods already well represented by the previous ones or for those methods that may exhibit difficult implementation in a variety of measurement conditions.
2019-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics & Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 4.0. Inherent Optical Property Measurements and Protocols: Best Practices for the Collection and Processing of Ship-Based Underway Flow-Through Optical Data (V. 4.0).https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/11442021-08-27T18:37:01Z2019-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics & Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 4.0. Inherent Optical Property Measurements and Protocols: Best Practices for the Collection and Processing of Ship-Based Underway Flow-Through Optical Data (V. 4.0).
Neeley, Aimee R.; Mannino, Antonio
Optical data can be collected using the flow-through systems installed on research vessels and ships of opportunity to take advantage of the availability of sea water pumped into the vessel. These "in-line" or “underway” systems are able to provide data at spatial resolutions on the order of 10-100 m. As the number of research groups making these measurements grows, there is a need to provide coordinated data collection and processing protocols to standardize methodology and data quality. In 2015, a NASA-sponsored workshop was organized to share such knowledge. Here, we discuss the essential issues associated with in-line data collection, provide recommendations on best practices for collection and processing and report on available software.
2019-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 2.0. Beam Transmission and Attenuation Coefficients: Instruments, Characterization, Field Measurements and Data Analysis Protocols.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/9172021-08-27T18:41:09Z2019-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation, Volume 2.0. Beam Transmission and Attenuation Coefficients: Instruments, Characterization, Field Measurements and Data Analysis Protocols.
Neeley, Aimee; Cetinić, Ivona
Inherent Optical Properties Measurements and Protocols: Beam Transmission and Attenuation (v2.0) is a document that serves as a comprehensive overview of beam transmittance concepts and the calibration, measurement and analysis protocols for the state-of-the-art technologies that measure the attenuation of dissolved and particulate matter in water. Section 1 provides a detailed overview of measurement concepts and governing equations to derive the beam attenuation coefficient. Section 2 details the design characteristics of common transmissometers. Section 3 describes methods for the characterization and calibration of beam transmissometers. Lastly, this document provides detailed data collection and analysis methods in Sections 4 and 5. This protocol document serves as an updated version of Chapter 2 in Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation Revision 4, Volume IV (Pegau et al. 2003).
2019-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation; Volume 1.0. Inherent Optical Property Measurements and Protocols: Absorption Coefficient.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/5472020-09-22T17:18:49Z2018-01-01T00:00:00ZOcean Optics and Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation; Volume 1.0. Inherent Optical Property Measurements and Protocols: Absorption Coefficient.
Neeley, Aimee R.; Mannino, Antonio
Inherent Optical Properties Measurements and Protocols: Absorption Coefficient (v1.0) is a document that serves as a comprehensive overview of calibration, measurement and analysis protocols for the state-of-the-art technologies that measure the absorption of particles in the water or on a filter pad. Chapter 1 provides a detailed overview of the absorption coefficient of pure water, colored dissolved matter and particles along with the current state-of-the-art pure water absorption coefficients, uncertainties and temperature and salinity corrections. Chapters 2–4 provide detailed protocols for measuring particles in suspension using the reflective tube absorption meter, the integrating cavity absorption meter, and the point-source integrating cavity absorption meter. Lastly, Chapter 5 describes the most up-to-date methods for the measurement of absorbance and the computation of absorption for particles on a filter pad using the transmittance method, transmittance method with fiber optics, the transmittance-reflectance method and inside an integrating sphere. Chapters 1, 2, and 5 represent updated versions of those found in Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation Revision 4, Volume IV (Mitchell et al. 2002). Chapters 3 and 4 are new contributions to the protocol.
2018-01-01T00:00:00Z