IOC Technical Serieshttps://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/2562024-03-28T09:06:44Z2024-03-28T09:06:44ZLessons learnt and best practices of managing coastal risk from local communities’ perspectives.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/18852022-03-01T12:01:12Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZLessons learnt and best practices of managing coastal risk from local communities’ perspectives.
Garcia, Tiago; Iglesias-Campos, Alejandro I
The objective here is to present how various hazards
affecting coastal areas impact the local communities
in selected countries, and how these matters are being
managed by national, regional and local governmental
institutions. This analysis was conducted for nine countries,
namely Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Gabon, Ghana, Lebanon,
Myanmar, Senegal, Uruguay and Venezuela. The information
is organised in nine national chapters with a similar
structure: first, a general presentation of the country and
its coastal zone; secondly, an overview of the main natural
hazards affecting their coasts; then, the management of
such hazards is described at national and local level; this is
followed by a description of concrete adaptation measures;
and, to conclude, some final remarks to reinforce key ideas
or set guidelines for future governance in the country.
From the perspective of the local communities, this
publication also intends to present lessons learnt and
good practices emerging from the national experiences
with natural hazards affecting the coastal zone. This work
is part of the activities led by the MSPglobal Initiative of
the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
of UNESCO and European Commission, and is supported
by the Government of Sweden. It relates to the projects
2020 Regional and global development actions in support of
Ocean Literacy for all and the Joint Roadmap on marine spatial
planning process worldwide in the context of the UN Decade of
Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.
To carry out the work, IOC-UNESCO gathered a group of
international consultants from various backgrounds related
to marine sciences to review previous and ongoing national
public strategies, plans and actions dealing with coastal
Location map zone management, coastal risk
management and conservation
of coastal areas. Scientific
publications and technical
reports addressing coastal
hazards and the vulnerability of
coastal communities were also
considered in this review, as well
as publications by diverse bodies
of the United Nations. Finally, the
international consultants of each
analysed country also obtained
and examined the perceptions
of scientists, civil society actors,
municipality managers and
technicians, and representatives
of coastal communities through
a series of interviews aimed at
providing additional information
drawn from the bibliographic
analysis. These stakeholders were
requested to assess current and
future risks, identify key priorities requiring intervention
and highlight potential recommendations based on their
experience in their respective sectors and institutions
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZRecommendations to promote knowledge exchange and transfer on Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning.Cervera Núñez, CristinaIglesias-Campos, AlejandroQuesada da Silva, Michelehttps://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/16342021-07-31T11:46:33Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZRecommendations to promote knowledge exchange and transfer on Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning.
Cervera Núñez, Cristina; Iglesias-Campos, Alejandro; Quesada da Silva, Michele
To date, capacity development in Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) has mostly targeted
professionals directly involved in the development of MSP plans. However, MSP is a public
process that must engage all levels of stakeholders effectively during the policy development,
and, in order to accomplish it, stakeholders need to have the appropriate knowledge about MSP
to take informed decisions. In this context, communication, knowledge exchange and transfer,
and ocean literacy activities are key aspects that need to be promoted.
Within capacity development, knowledge exchange is a two-way process of sharing different
types of knowledge (technical, scientific and traditional), but also ideas and experiences. It is
intended to be mutually beneficial and provide inputs to problem solving.
Therefore, these recommendations were developed to advise professionals directly involved in
the development of MSP plans on how to promote knowledge exchange and transfer towards
other public authorities, private actors and civil society. These stakeholders are, indeed, the final
users, implementers and beneficiaries of the MSP plans.
The publication was developed in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 and its
target on transfer of marine technology, as well as taking into account the “Criteria and Guidelines
on the Transfer of Marine Technology of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission”1 . The issue of which knowledge needs to be transferred, to whom and how to do it
are aspects approached in this document, with concrete actions and recommendations
whenever possible.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZUNEP/IOC Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter.Cheshire, A.C.Adler, E.Barbière, J.Cohen, Y.Evans, S.Jarayabhand, S.Jeftic, L.Jung, R.T.Kinsey, S.Kusui, E.T.Lavine, I.Manyara, P.Oosterbaan, L.Pereira, M.A.Sheavly, S.Tkalin, A.Varadarajan, S.Wenneker, B.Westphalen, G.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/12092020-02-11T14:19:53Z2009-01-01T00:00:00ZUNEP/IOC Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter.
Cheshire, A.C.; Adler, E.; Barbière, J.; Cohen, Y.; Evans, S.; Jarayabhand, S.; Jeftic, L.; Jung, R.T.; Kinsey, S.; Kusui, E.T.; Lavine, I.; Manyara, P.; Oosterbaan, L.; Pereira, M.A.; Sheavly, S.; Tkalin, A.; Varadarajan, S.; Wenneker, B.; Westphalen, G.
Globally our awareness of both the pervasiveness and magnitude of marine litter and the associated
environmental and social problems is growing (Ribic et al. 1992, ANZECC 1996a, GESAMP 2001,
Kiessling 2003, Cho 2005, UNEP 2005, OSPAR 2006, HELCOM 2007). This growth in knowledge is
being paralleled by a concomitant increase in the number and scope of national and international
marine litter investigations and assessment programmes. The objectives underpinning these litter
assessment programmes are quite diverse with groups/organizations variously targeting increased
public awareness, better understanding of the risks and impacts of litter, more understanding of litter
sources and sinks to support improved management and not the least, cleaner waterways and
beaches at local, regional, national and international scales. This variety in the purpose of assessment
programmes is matched by the diversity in the operational structure of those programmes.
Regardless of the underpinning motivation, marine litter investigations will generally fall into one of
three basic types:
1) Beach litter surveys.
2) Benthic litter surveys, which include:
a) Observations made by divers, submersibles or camera tows.
b) Collection of litter via benthic trawls.
3) Floating litter surveys, which include:
a) Observations made from ship or aerial based platforms.
b) Collection of litter via surface trawls.
Ultimately, to effectively manage and thereby mitigate the impacts from marine litter, there is a need to
develop a good understanding of the problems and specifically to increase our knowledge about the
principle types and sources of litter and the behaviours that result in litter entering the marine
environment. To achieve this aim, there is a need to ensure that good quality data are available that
will allow comprehensive analyses of the nature and sources of litter in marine environments and how
these vary through time and in response to management interventions.
In spite of growing interest and a mounting body of evidence from research and surveys, it is widely
accepted that a major factor that limits our knowledge of (and therefore the ability to manage) marine
litter results from inconsistencies in the design and delivery of sampling and assessment programmes.
These inconsistencies largely result from a lack of consistent objectives and litter classification
systems between alternative monitoring programmes (Ribic et al. 1992, ANZECC 1996a, Cheshire
and Westphalen 2007).
There is a growing need to develop standardized operational guidelines for marine litter survey and
monitoring programmes so that litter levels on our beaches and within our seas and oceans can be
estimated and interpreted through long-term, broad scale comparative studies that will support
management at both national and international scales. Similarly, given that marine litter management
ultimately relates to social and behavioural changes, there is a need to develop or maintain public
awareness and education through simpler, less rigidly structured, programmes.
Objectives
The objectives for this study were to develop a set of standardized operational guidelines for the
conduct of beach, benthic and floating litter assessments. In working to achieve this outcome it
became clear that there was also a need to address the different underlying purposes, particularly in
relation to beach litter assessments, and to that end we have developed two classes of surveys:
1) Comprehensive surveys for beach, benthic and floating marine litter
These protocols are targeted at the collection of highly resolved data to support the
development and/or evaluation of mitigation strategies in coastal and marine systems. The
protocol for these surveys includes a highly structured framework for observations at
regional, national and international scales.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
2
2) Rapid surveys for beach litter
This protocol comprises a simplified version of the comprehensive beach survey, targeted
primarily at developing public awareness and education about marine litter issues and is thus
not constrained by the need to fit within a broader spatio-temporal comparison framework.
Such surveys may be used as a vehicle for broader based community engagement and in
building community capacity when working towards inclusion within the comprehensive
survey framework.
In developing the guidelines marine litter was defined as any waste, discarded or lost material,
resulting from human activities, that has made it into the marine environment, including material found
on beaches or material that is floating or has sunk at sea. Some organic materials (e.g. faeces or food
waste) have been explicitly excluded and we do not include naturally sourced materials such as
vegetation (e.g. seagrass wrack, algae or river sourced trees and branches). Organic materials have
only been inc
2009-01-01T00:00:00ZShip-based Repeat Hydrography: a Strategy for a Sustained Global Programme. A Community White Paper developed by
the Global Ocean Ship-based Repeat
Hydrographic Investigations Panel for the
OceanObs ’09 Conference, Venice, Italy,
21–25 September 2009.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/2482021-11-01T13:22:45Z2009-01-01T00:00:00ZShip-based Repeat Hydrography: a Strategy for a Sustained Global Programme. A Community White Paper developed by
the Global Ocean Ship-based Repeat
Hydrographic Investigations Panel for the
OceanObs ’09 Conference, Venice, Italy,
21–25 September 2009.
Hood, M. (ed.)
Ship-based hydrography is the only method for obtaining high-quality measurements with high spatial and vertical resolution of a suite of physical, chemical, and biological parameters over the full ocean water column, and in areas of the ocean inaccessible to other platforms. Global hydrographic surveys have been carried out approximately every decade since the 1970s through research programs such as GEOSECS, TTO/SAVE, WOCE / JGOFS, and CLIVAR. It is time to consider how future surveys can
build on these foundations to create a coordinated network of sustained ship-based hydrographic sections that will become an integral component of the ocean observing system.
This white paper provides scientific justification and guidelines for the development of a regular and coordinated global survey. Two types of surveys are required to meet scientific objectives: (1) a global decadal survey conducted such that each full ocean basin is observed over an approximately synoptic time-period (< 3 years), and (2) a sub-set of the decadal survey lines sampled at high-frequency (repeats every 2-3 years). Given the end date of the present sampling programs, a coordinated global survey should begin before 2012 to maintain continuity.
2009-01-01T00:00:00ZTime series of ocean measurements. Volume 3 - 1986.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1902024-01-05T22:22:48Z1986-01-01T00:00:00ZTime series of ocean measurements. Volume 3 - 1986.
1986-01-01T00:00:00ZIGOSS Plan and Implementation Programme, 1996-2003.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1812024-01-05T21:46:15Z1996-01-01T00:00:00ZIGOSS Plan and Implementation Programme, 1996-2003.
The Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) is the global operational system for
collection and exchange of oceanic data and the timely preparation and dissemination of oceanic products and
services. IGOSS is an international programme for real-time exchange of ocean data and is planned, developed and
co-ordinated jointly by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO) and by the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO). The system consists of national facilities and services provided by the participating Member States of IOC
and Members of WMO to share ocean data for mutual benefit.
The original concept of IGOSS was that of an Integrated Global Ocean Station System. This
system was started in 1967 through the establishment by IOC of a permanent Working Committee for IGOSS and
by WMO through the Executive Committee Panel on Meteorological Aspects of Ocean Affairs. Since that time,
the objective of the system has shifted towards ocean services and the name changed to reflect this shift Co-
operation between IOC and WMO for IGOSS has increased and led to the establishment of the Joint IOC-WMO
Committee for IGOSS. A series of General Plans and Implementation Programmes for IGOSS have been developed
over the years and the present Plan is for the period 1996 -2003.” The main IOC and WMO resolutions relating to
IGOSS are listed in Annex 1.
1996-01-01T00:00:00ZTime series of ocean measurements. Volume 2 - 1984.https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1702024-01-05T22:23:15Z1985-01-01T00:00:00ZTime series of ocean measurements. Volume 2 - 1984.
1985-01-01T00:00:00ZManual on international oceanographic data exchange.Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commissionhttps://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1622024-01-04T22:04:41Z1965-01-01T00:00:00ZManual on international oceanographic data exchange.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
The purpose of this manual (see Part I), is to assemble in convenient form for the guidance and use of practising oceanographers the various documents concerned with the assembly and disssemination of oceanographic data of all kinds. The full and expeditious exchange of data is the core of meaningful scientific co-operation. Investigations of phenomena and processes of global dimensions,such as those occurring in the ocean and atmosphere, are particularly dependent on the pooling of data from various sources, on a regional basis has been operated successfully for many years by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. The programme of the International Geophysical Year made necessary the creation of a world-wide system. Thus World Data Centres A and B (Oceanography) were established
in Washington and Moscow, their operations being
financed by the United States and the USSR. These centres, together with those in other disciplines, are responsible to the International Geophysical Committee (CIG) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (see Appendix I to the manual).
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission has produced a "Provisional Guide for Exchange of Oceanographic Data" (Part I1 of this manual). While the terms of the Provisional Guide are Voluntary, it should be recognized that order is necessary in such a rapidly expanding science if the full advantages of this expansion are to be widely A system for exchanging oceanographic data realized in the most efficient way. Approximate time limits as well as methods for the submission of the various kinds of data remain therefore a feature of the revised Guide, although a less exacting one than before.
The "Provisional Guide for Exchange of Oceanographic Data" is supplemented in this manual by recommendations of the IOC Working Group on Oceanographic Data Exchange (Part 111) adopted in January 1964 and approved by the Commission at its,third session. These recommendations give details which are not conveniently included in the Provisional Guide itself.
World Data Centres will in due course receive
oceanographic data, in accordance with the Provisional Guide for declared national, or international oceanographic programmes. Such programmes entail an obligation to send data to the W D C s . Data can be sent to WDCs by laboratories or other data centres. Part IV of the manual is a list of existing or projected national oceanographic data centres or other designated national agencies, with their addresses,
methods of working, and, where applicable,
the services offered by each to data contributors.I
The oceanographic data exchange system exists
to facilitate the prosecution of marine research.
Its success depends on the support of oceanographers, their supply and use of oceanographic data, and their suggestions for making the system responsive to their needs.
1965-01-01T00:00:00Z